Which of the following best describes "effects" in stagecraft?

In stagecraft, the term "effects" primarily refers to the manipulations of light and sound used to create an atmosphere, establish mood, and enhance storytelling on stage. These effects can involve techniques such as lighting changes, special effects like fog machines, and the use of sound effects or music cues that support the action and emotional tone of the performance.

This choice aligns well with the core function of effects in theater, which is to create an immersive experience for the audience. Lights can be adjusted to simulate different times of day or set various emotional tones, while sound can be used to create tension or emphasize particular moments in the performance.

Other options, while related to stagecraft, do not fully encapsulate the broader concept of "effects." For example, enhancements made through visual technology could be part of this but do not cover the essential role of sound. Mechanical devices used for staging and costumes specific to character roles are important aspects of production but do not align with the primary definition of effects as they relate more to physical elements or character representation rather than the atmospheric and sensory augmentation essential for storytelling in theater.